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Patent 7,327,105 - Mesh connected electrical rotating machine with span changing Abstract An electrical rotating apparatus is provided that has variable impedance. This is achieved by connecting one of the polyphase components of the apparatus in a mesh connection. The spanning value, L, of such a mesh connection may be varied by changing the harmonic content supplied by an inverter component. Also provided is a method for connecting an inverter to a motor, wherein a switching arrangement permits the simple alteration between various mesh connections of different span value, changing thereby the Volts/Hertz ratio of the motor. Patent 7,323,7099 Method for increasing efficiency of thermotunnel devices Abstract The present invention comprises a tunneling device in which the collector electrode is modified so that tunneling of higher energy electrons from the emitter electrode to the collector electrode is enhanced. In one embodiment, the collector electrode is contacted with an insulator layer, preferably aluminum oxide, disposed between the collector and emitter electrodes. The present invention additionally comprises a method for enhancing tunneling of higher energy electrons from an emitter electrode to a collector electrode, the method comprising the step of contacting the collector electrode with an insulator, preferably aluminum oxide, and placing the insulator between the collector electrode and the emitter electrode. Patent 7,253,549 Thermionic vacuum diode device with adjustable electrodes Abstract MIn accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a Gap Diode is disclosed in which a tubular actuating element serves as both a housing for a pair of electrodes (92) and as a means for controlling the separation between the electrode pair. In a preferred embodiment, the tubular actuating element (90) is a quartz piezo-electric tube. In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a Gap Diode is disclosed which is fabricated by micromachining techniques in which the separation of the electrodes (202, 206) is controlled by piezo-electric, electrostrictive or magnetostrictive actuators. Preferred embodiments of Gap Diodes include Cool Chips, Power Chips, and photoelectric converters. Patent 7,220,984 Influence of surface geometry on metal properties Abstract The influence of surface geometry on metal properties is studied within the limit of the quantum theory of free electrons. It is shown that a metal surface can be modified with patterned indents to increase the Fermi energy level inside the metal, leading to decrease in electron work function. This effect would exist in any quantum system comprising fermions inside a potential energy box. Also disclosed is a method for making nanostructured surfaces having perpendicular features with sharp edges. Patent 7,208,021 Fabrication of close-spaced MEMS devices by method of precise adhesion regulation Abstract In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for fabricating two layers separated by a gap comprising the steps of: (a) providing a first material; (b) treating the first material to reduce the number of available bonding centers; (c) placing a second material over the first material and allowing bonds to form between the two materials to form a composite; and (d) separating the composite so formed along the boundary of the two materials. In a further aspect, subsequent layers of material may be introduced to the composite by repeating steps (b) and (c) under conditions where adhesion between the subsequent layers is greater, smaller or substantially the same as the adhesion between the first and second material. Patent 7,169,006 Thermionic vacuum diode device with adjustable electrodes Abstract MIn accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a Gap Diode is disclosed in which a tubular actuating element serves as both a housing for a pair of electrodes (92) and as a means for controlling the separation between the electrode pair. In a preferred embodiment, the tubular actuating element (90) is a quartz piezo-electric tube. In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a Gap Diode is disclosed which is fabricated by micromachining techniques in which the separation of the electrodes (202, 206) is controlled by piezo-electric, electrostrictive or magnetostrictive actuators. Preferred embodiments of Gap Diodes include Cool Chips, Power Chips, and photoelectric converters. Patent 7,166,786 Artificial band gap Abstract A method is disclosed for the induction of a suitable band gap and electron emissive properties into a substance, in which the substrate is provided with a surface structure corresponding to the interference of electron waves. Lithographic or similar techniques are used, either directly onto a metal mounted on the substrate, or onto a mold which then is used to impress the metal. In a preferred embodiment, a trench or series of nano-sized trenches are formed in the metal. Patent 7,140,102 Electrode sandwich separation Abstract Materials bonded together are separated using electrical current, thermal stresses, mechanical force, any combination of the above methods, or any other application or removal of energy until the bonds disappear and the materials are separated. In one embodiment the original bonding was composed of two layers of material. In another embodiment, the sandwich was composed of three layers. In a further embodiment, the parts of the sandwich are firmly maintained in their respective positions during the application of current so as to be able to subsequently align the materials relative to one another. Patent 7,126,298 - Mesh connected brake array for electrical rotating machines Abstract In the present invention, several polyphase devices are connected together: an inverter (420), and electrical rotating machine (440), and a resistive load or braking resistor (430). The purpose of the resistive load is to dissipate excess electrical which may be produced when the inverter acts to slow down the rotating machine (440), causing the rotating machine to act as a generator. In common art, this resistive load is a single DC resistor coupled to the DC link of the inverter via a separate resistor control transistor. In the present invention, the resistive load is a mesh connected array of resistors, and is electrically connected to the same inverter output terminals that the rotating machine is connected to. When it is desired that the resistors absorb energy, for example from a braking operation, then the harmonic content of the inverter output is adjusted, thus placing voltage differences across the resistor array (430) and causing current to flow in the resistors. Patent 7,124,583 Geothermal power generator Abstract A Geothermal Power Generator which includes apparatus and method for the in-situ recovery of geothermal energy using thermionic or thermotunnelling converters. These are diode devices which produce electricity when a temperature gradient is applied across them. The electricity thus produced in a downhole environment is conducted to the surface where it can be used as an effective electrical source. Patent 7,105,938 - Electronically controlled engine generator set Abstract An electronically controlled electrical power generator comprises a generator driven by a heat engine, operated by control means, and carrying an electrical load. Operation of the heat engine is at wide open throttle. Control over engine operation and electrical output of the generator is achieved by electronically manipulating the electric load, and/or adjusting excitation levels at the generator's magnetic fields, so as to change engine/generator equilibrium speed. In a beneficial embodiment, the generator is powered by an energy storage unit, to temporarily act as a motor and rotate the engine when starting, and during power absorbing strokes. Patent 7,075,265 - High phase order electrical rotating machine with distributed windings Abstract A rotating induction machine, containing five or more different phases, having windings distributed according to a sinc function with a cutoff frequency allowing low-order spatial harmonics but preventing higher order spatial harmonics from flowing. In a preferred embodiment, the machine is connected to drive means capable of injecting third harmonic into the machine. In a further preferred embodiment, the windings are connected to the drive means with a mesh connection and the machine has five phases. Patent 7,074,498 Influence of surface geometry on metal properties Abstract The influence of surface geometry on metal properties is studied within the limit of the quantum theory of free electrons. It is shown that a metal surface can be modified with patterned indents to increase the Fermi energy level inside the metal, leading to decrease in electron work function. This effect would exist in any quantum system comprising fermions inside a potential energy box. Also disclosed is a method for making nanostructured surfaces having perpendicular features with sharp edges. Patent 7,005,381 - Method for flat electrodes Abstract The present invention is a method for reducing nanoscale surface roughness. The method involves exposing the surface to an environment that preferentially promotes evaporation of material from the region of nanoscale roughness. The methods involve either heating the surface, or flushing an inert gas across the surface, or a combination of both. Patent 6,971,165 - Method for fabrication of separators for electrode pairs in diodes Abstract An improved method for manufacturing a matching pair of electrodes comprises the steps of: fabricating a first electrode with a substantially flat surface; depositing islands of an oxidizable material over regions of the surface; depositing a layer of a third material over the surface of the first electrode to form a second electrode; separating the first electrode from the second electrode; oxidizing the islands of oxidizable material, which causes the islands to expand; bringing the upper electrode and the lower electrode into close proximity, whereupon the expanded island of oxidizable material touches the upper surface and creates an insulating gap between the two surfaces, thereby forming a matching pairs of electrodes. Patent 6,922,037 - Rotating induction apparatus Abstract An electrical rotating apparatus comprises an inverter system that outputs more than three phases. The apparatus further includes a stator electrically coupled to the inverter system, and a rotor electromagnetically coupled to a magnetic field generated by the stator. A signal generator generates a pulse modulated drive waveform signal, that has a frequency synchronized with the rotational frequency of the rotor, and the pulse modulated drive waveform signal drives the inverter system. The pulse modulated drive waveform signal has a pulsing frequency. Additionally, the inverter system may be fed by a pulse modulated drive waveform signal that is fed through at least one signal delay device. Alternatively, the system may also be fed selected harmonic components, such as the third harmonic, up until the number of phases in the apparatus. Patent 6,876,123 Thermotunnel converter with spacers between the electrodes Abstract A thermotunneling converter is disclosed comprising a pair of electrodes having inner surfaces substantially facing one another, and a spacer or plurality of spacers positioned between the two electrodes, having a height substantially equal to the distance between the electrodes, and having a total cross-sectional area that is less than the cross-sectional area of either of the electrodes. In a preferred embodiment, a vacuum is introduced, and in a particularly preferred embodiment, gold that has been exposed to cesium vapor is used as one or both of the electrodes. In a further embodiment, the spacer is made of small particles disposed between the electrodes. In a yet further embodiment, a sandwich is made containing the electrodes with an unoxidized spacer. The sandwich is separated and the spacer is oxidized, which makes it grow to a required height whilst giving it insulatory properties, to allow for tunneling between the electrodes. Patent 6,869,855 - Method for making electrode pairs Abstract The present invention is a method for introducing a low work function material into a pair of matched electrodes. The method involves fabricating a composite of two electrodes and a low work function material, and treating the composite so that it splits to give a pair of matched electrodes. Patent 6,864,661 - Rotating induction apparatus Abstract An electrical rotating apparatus comprises an inverter system that outputs more than three phases. The apparatus further includes a stator comprising a plurality of slots and full span concentrated windings, with the windings being electrically coupled to the inverter system, and a rotor electromagnetically coupled to a magnetic field generated by the stator. A signal generator generates a drive waveform signal, that has a fundamental frequency, and the drive waveform signal drives the inverter system. The drive waveform signal has a pulsing frequency and is in fixed phase relation to the fundamental frequency. Additionally, the inverter system may be fed by a drive waveform signal that is fed through at least one signal delay device. Patent 6,838,791 - Mesh connected electrical rotating machine with span changing Abstract An electrical rotating apparatus is provided that has variable impedance. This is achieved by connecting one of the polyphase components of the apparatus in a mesh connection. The spanning value, L, of such a mesh connection may be varied by changing the harmonic content supplied by an inverter component. Also provided is a method for connecting an inverter to a motor, wherein a switching arrangement permits the simple alteration between various mesh connections of different span value, changing thereby the Volts/Hertz ratio of the motor. Patent 6,837,141 - Polyphase hydraulic drive system Abstract The present invention comprises an input drive system, which provides a plurality of phases of oscillating fluid flow, and an output drive system connected directly to the input drive system that is powered by the plurality of phases of oscillating fluid flow. The input drive system comprises a plurality of pistons that are caused to move in a reciprocating fashion by a power source. The power source may be a rotating power source, such as that provided by an electric motor, a diesel or petrol engine, or a turbine system. The input drive system comprises a cam ring attached to a rotating power source, a plurality of cam rollers in contact with the cam ring; and a plurality of pistons attached to the cam rings. The output drive system comprises one or more pistons that are attached to move in a reciprocating fashion by the oscillating fluid flow provided by the input drive system. The output drive system comprises a cam ring attached to a load, a plurality of cam rollers in contact with the cam ring, and a plurality of pistons attached to the cam rings. Patent 6,831,430 - High Phase Order Motor with Mesh Connected Windings Abstract A high phase order induction machine drive system is disclosed. This has an inverter system for the synthesis of a plurality of phases of alternating current output, and a N-phase induction motor (N is greater than 3). The inverter system has N terminals, numbered from 1 to N. Each motor phase is electrically connected to a pair of inverter terminals. One connection is made to a first inverter terminal and the other connection is made to a second inverter terminal. The number of inverter terminals (in order of electrical phase angle) between the first terminal and the second terminal is S+1, where S is the skip number). The phase angle difference between the pair of inverter terminals to which each motor phase is connected is identical for each motor phase. Patent 6825575 - Electronically controlled engine generator set Abstract An electronically controlled electrical power generator comprises a generator driven by a heat engine, operated by control means, and carrying an electrical load. Operation of the heat engine is at wide open throttle. Control over engine operation and electrical output of the generator is achieved by electronically manipulating the electric load, and/or adjusting excitation levels at the generator's magnetic fields, so as to change engine/generator equilibrium speed. In a beneficial embodiment, the generator is powered by an energy storage unit, to temporarily act as a motor and rotate the engine when starting, and during power absorbing strokes. Patent 6,774,003 Method for making a diode device Abstract A method for manufacturing a pair of electrodes comprises fabricating a first electrode with a substantially flat surface and placing a sacrificial layer over a surface of the first electrode, wherein the sacrificial layer comprises a first material. A second material is placed over the sacrificial layer, wherein the second material comprises a material that is suitable for use as a second electrode. The sacrificial layer is removed with an etchant, wherein the etchant chemically reacts with the first material, and further wherein a region between the first electrode and the second electrode comprises a gap that is a distance of 50 nanometers or less, preferably 5 nanometers or less. Alternatively, the sacrificial layer is removed by cooling the sandwich with liquid nitrogen, or alternatively still, the sacrificial layer is removed by heating the sacrificial layer, thereby evaporating the sacrificial layer. Patent 6,720,704 Thermionic vacuum diode device with adjustable electrodes Abstract Diode devices are disclosed in which the separation of the electrodes is set and controlled using piezo-electric, electrostrictive or magnetostrictive actuators. This avoids problems associated with electrode spacing changing or distorting as a result of heat stress. In addition it allows the operation of these devices at electrode separations which permit quantum electron tunneling between them. Pairs of electrodes whose surfaces replicate each other are also disclosed. These may be used in constructing devices with very close electrode spacings. Patent 6,680,214 Artificial band gap Abstract A method is disclosed for the induction of a suitable band gap and electron emissive properties into a substance, in which the substrate is provided with a surface structure corresponding to the interference of electron waves. Lithographic or similar techniques are used, either directly onto a metal mounted on the substrate, or onto a mold which then is used to impress the metal. In a preferred embodiment, a trench or series of nano-sized trenches are formed in the metal. Patent 6,657,334 High Phase Order Motor with Mesh Connected Windings Abstract A high phase order induction machine drive system is disclosed. This has an inverter system for the synthesis of a plurality of phases of alternating current output, and a N-phase induction motor (N is greater than 3). The motor is connected to the inverter terminals so that each motor phase is electrically connected to a first inverter terminal and a second inverter terminal S+1 inverter terminals distant from the first inverter terminal in order of electrical phase angle (S is the skip number). The phase angle difference between the pair of inverter terminals to which each motor phase is connected is identical for each motor phase. Patent 6,651,760 Thermionic automobile Abstract A combustion chamber-thermionic device-electric motor is provided in an automobile. The combustion chamber of the present invention provides a heat output which is transformed to electricity by the thermionic device and a motor converts the electrical energy to motive power for the wheels. Patent 6,614,202 PWM motor drive apparatus with increase of low speed capability Abstract: Maximizing current from a given power inverter in an electrical rotating machine and maintaining the speed of an electrical rotating machine which has more turns of the winding. Patent 6,570,361 Rotating induction apparatus Abstract An electrical rotating apparatus comprises an inverter system that outputs more than three phases. The apparatus further includes a stator comprising a plurality of slots and full span concentrated windings, with the windings being electrically coupled to the inverter system, and a rotor electromagnetically coupled to a magnetic field generated by the stator. A signal generator generates a drive waveform signal, that has a fundamental frequency, and the drive waveform signal drives the inverter system. The drive waveform signal has a pulsing frequency and is in fixed phase relation to the fundamental frequency. Additionally, the inverter system may be fed by a drive waveform signal that is fed through at least one signal delay device. Patent 6,531,703 Method for increasing emission through a potential barrier Abstract A method for promoting the passage of elementary particles at or through a potential barrier comprising providing a potential barrier having a geometrical shape for causing de Broglie interference between said elementary particles is disclosed. In another embodiment, the invention provides an elementary particle-emitting surface having a series of indents. The depth of the indents is chosen so that the probability wave of the elementary particle reflected from the bottom of the indent interferes destructively with the probability wave of the elementary particle reflected from the surface. This results in the increase of tunneling through the potential barrier. When the elementary particle is an electron, then electrons tunnel through the potential barrier, thereby leading to a reduction in the effective work function of the surface. In further embodiments the invention provides vacuum diode devices, including a vacuum diode heat pump, a thermionic converter and a photoelectric converter, in which either or both of the electrodes in these devices utilize said elementary particle-emitting surface. In yet further embodiments, the invention provides devices in which the separation of the surfaces in such devices is controlled by piezo-electric positioning elements. A further embodiment provides a method for making an elementary particle-emitting surface having a series of indents. Patent 6,495,843 Method for increasing emission through a potential barrier Abstract A method for promoting the passage of elementary particles at or through a potential barrier comprising providing a potential barrier having a geometrical shape for causing de Broglie interference between said elementary particles is disclosed. In another embodiment, the invention provides an elementary particle-emitting surface having a series of indents. The depth of the indents is chosen so that the probability wave of the elementary particle reflected from the bottom of the indent interferes destructively with the probability wave of the elementary particle reflected from the surface. This results in the increase of tunneling through the potential barrier. When the elementary particle is an electron, then electrons tunnel through the potential barrier, thereby leading to a reduction in the effective work function of the surface. In further embodiments, the invention provides vacuum diode devices, including a vacuum diode heat pump, a thermionic converter and a photoelectric converter, in which either or both of the electrodes in these devices utilize said elementary particle-emitting surface. In yet further embodiments, the invention provides devices in which the separation of the surfaces in such devices is controlled by piezo-electric positioning elements. A further embodiment provides a method for making an elementary particle-emitting surface having a series of indents. Patent 6,351,095 POLYPHASE INDUCTION ELECTRICAL ROTATING MACHINE Abstract An electrical rotating machine comprises an inverter drive system wherein alternating current comprising more than three phases is produced from the inverter drive system. The machine further includes a stator comprising a plurality of slots and windings, wherein the windings are electrically coupled to the inverter drive system and a winding chording factor of the stator is approximately 1. Further, a winding distribution factor of the stator could also be approximately 1. A rotor in the machine is electromagnetically coupled to a rotating magnetic field generated by the windings and the rotating magnetic field has a flux density level that exhibits saturation effects. Patent 6,348,775 Drive wave form synchronization for induction motors Abstract A polyphase induction motor is operated by an inverter drive system comprising a logic level controller. A number, preferably twelve or more, of independently driven phases causes harmonic fields, up to a number equal to the number of phases, to oscillate in synchrony with the fundamental oscillating field. A pulse-width modulation (“PWM”) carrier is used by the logic level controller to synthesize a desired drive alternating current, in which the pulsing distortion produced by the pulse width modulation produces a synchronous oscillating field in the driven polyphase induction motor. Patent 6,285,769 Force balance microphone Abstract The present invention is a microphone that applies the principle of negative feedback directly to the diaphragm, greatly reducing the non-linearity of the diaphragm. In a further embodiment, digital negative feedback is used, incorporating the diaphragm into the digitization loop of a sigma-delta converter, creating a direct sound pressure to digital electrical output converter. In one embodiment, positive feedback is used in an analog circuit, causing a negative feedback response on the diaphragm. Patent 6,281,514 Method for increasing of tunneling through a potential barrier Abstract A method for promoting the passage of elementary particles at or through a potential barrier comprising providing a potential barrier having a geometrical shape for causing de Broglie interference between said elementary particles is disclosed. In another embodiment, the invention provides an elementary particle-emitting surface having a series of indents. The depth of the indents is chosen so that the probability wave of the elementary particle reflected from the bottom of the indent interferes destructively with the probability wave of the elementary particle reflected from the surface. This results in the increase of tunneling through the potential barrier. When the elementary particle is an electron, then electrons tunnel through the potential barrier, thereby leading to a reduction in the effective work function of the surface. In further embodiments, the invention provides vacuum diode devices, including a vacuum diode heat pump, a thermionic converter and a photoelectric converter, in which either or both of the electrodes in these devices utilize said elementary particle-emitting surface. In yet further embodiments, the invention provides devices in which the separation of the surfaces in such devices is controlled by piezo-electric positioning elements. A further embodiment provides a method for making an elementary particle-emitting surface having a series of indents. Patent 6,281,139 Wafer having smooth surface Abstract A method for preparing a wafer having a smooth surface is disclosed. The present invention includes the step of preparing a wafer base and a first material on the wafer base. The wafer base and first material have a surface and a plurality of holes. The present invention includes the step of depositing a second material at an angle on the first material such that the second material is substantially on the surface. The present invention includes the step of exposing the first material and the second material to an oxidizing agent. The present includes the step of reacting a third material on the second surface to close the holes. Patent 6,252,324 Method of winding a rotating induction apparatus Abstract A method of winding an electrical rotating apparatus includes determining a desired number of phases that is output from an electrical rotating apparatus, with the number of phases being greater than three. A stator is provided and additionally, a rotor is provided such that the rotor is electromagnetically coupled to a magnetic field generated by the stator. A plurality of coils is also provided, with the plurality of coils including a first coil and a second coil. The plurality of coils are wound around the stator, with the first coil being placed on the right side of the stator and the second coil being placed on the left side of the stator. Patent 6,239,356 B1 Process for Stampable Photoelectric Generator Abstract Manufacture of a photoelectric converter by a photolithographic or stamping process prior to coating with a photoelectically emissive material is described. This gives an economic and simple means of mass-producing photoelectric converter cells, and in one aspect is analogous to that used for pressing optical discs. Patent 6,229,083 B1 Thermionic Generator Abstract A method for building a thermionic converter comprises providing an electrode and creating a central depression of substantially uniform depth on a face of the electrode. A surface of the central depression is coated with a layer comprising a thermionic material. A second electrode comprising a face is also provided, wherein the face of the second electrode comprises a central depression of substanially uniform depth, wherein the central depression is coated with a layer comprising a thermionic material. Patent 6,214,651 B1 Doped Diamond for Vacuum Diode Heat Pumps and Vacuum Diode Thermionic Generators Abstract A novel use of doped carbonaceous material is disclosed, integral to the operation of Vacuum Diode Heat Pumps and Vacuum Diode Thermionic Generators. In the preferred embodiment, the use of nitrogen-doped diamond enhances the operation of Vacuum Diode Heat Pumps and Vacuum Diode Thermionic Generators. Patent 6,198,238 High phase order cycloconverting generator and drive means Abstract An electrical generator, consisting of a high phase order generator and a high phase order cycloconverter. Output from said cycloconverter may be high phase order, three phase, single phase, or direct current. Output from said cycloconverter may be of arbitrary frequency, voltage, and phase. Power electronic components are smaller and more efficiently used. Slower and therefor less expensive devices may be beneficially used. Variable speed resources may be used without the use of a DC to DC converter, enhancing power production efficiency. In a beneficial embodiment of the present invention, said cycloconverter is used to provide power directly to a high phase order motor, whereby diesel electric drive means may be constructed to higher specific power and higher efficiency. Patent 6,117,344 METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING LOW WORK FUNCTION SURFACES Abstract Methods for fabricating nano-structured surfaces having geometries in which the passage of elementary particles through a potential barrier is enhanced are described. The methods use combinations of electron beam lithography, lift-off, and rolling, imprinting or stamping processes.
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